The role of radioactive nickel in shaping the plateau phase of Type II supernovae (2019)

Alexandra Kozyreva, Ehud Nakar, Roni Waldman

MNRAS 499, 4312 (2020)
ADS, arXiv eprint 1811.08713

In the present study, we systematically explore the effect of the radioactive ⁵⁶Ni and its mixing properties in the ejecta on the plateau of Type IIP supernovae (SNe). We evaluate the importance of ⁵⁶Ni in shaping light curves of SNe IIP by simulating light curves for two red supergiant models (m12 and m15) using different amounts of ⁵⁶Ni and with different types of mixing: uniform distribution of ⁵⁶Ni out to different fractions of the envelope and boxcar distribution of ⁵⁶Ni. We find, similarly to previous studies, that ⁵⁶Ni extends duration of the plateau. We find a formula to estimate the extension based on the observed bolometric light curves and show that for most SNe IIP by about 20 %. Another effect of ⁵⁶Ni consists in reduction of the plateau decline rate, i.e. ⁵⁶Ni presented in the ejecta flattens the plateau. Our simulations suggest that for typical SNe IIP it can reduce the decline rate by about 1 mag/100 day. We find that for the contribution of ⁵⁶Ni seen in most SNe our simulated bolometric light curves resemble observed ones for various types of ⁵⁶Ni mixing. We thereby cannot determine the level of ⁵⁶Ni mixing in these SNe based on the light curve alone. However, for SN 2009ib we find that only a model where ⁵⁶Ni is mixed significantly throughout most of the hydrogen envelope is consistent with the observed light curve.

m12
Eexpl [foe]	0.4	0.9	1.34
noNi	file	file	file
0.01Ni	file	file	file
0.01Ni one3	file	file	file
0.01Ni two3	file	file	file
0.01Ni full	file	file	file
0.025Ni	file	file	file
0.025Ni one3	file	file	file
0.025Ni two3	file	file	file
0.025Ni full	file	file	file
0.045Ni	file	file	file
0.045Ni one3	file	file	file
0.045Ni two3	file	file	file
0.045Ni full	file	file	file
0.065Ni	file	file	file
0.065Ni one3	file	file	file
0.065Ni two3	file	file	file
0.065Ni full	file	file	file
0.14Ni	file	file	file
0.14Ni one3	file	file	file
0.14Ni two3	file	file	file
0.14Ni full	file	file	file

m15
Eexpl [foe]	0.53	1.1	1.53
noNi	file	file	file
0.028M Ni center	file	file	file
0.028M Ni mix4	file	file	file
0.028M Ni mix8	file	file	file
0.028M Ni mix7M	file	file	file
0.028M Ni mix12M	file	file	file
0.056M Ni center	file	file	file
0.056M Ni mix4	file	file	file
0.056M Ni mix8	file	file	file
0.056M Ni mix7M	file	file	file
0.056M Ni mix12M	file	file	file
0.11M Ni center	file	file	file
0.11M Ni mix4	file	file	file
0.11M Ni mix8	file	file	file
0.11M Ni mix7M	file	file	file
0.11M Ni mix12M	file	file	file

Each file contains time and luminosity:

(1) time [days] (2) UBVRI-pseidobolometric [erg/s] (3) bolometric [erg/s] (4) X-ray-EUV <325Å (5) IR >890Å
Luminosities are in log10-scale.

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